Flexibly Targeting Information Sent Over a Broadcast Communications Medium

ABSTRACT

A system for flexibly targeting information sent over a broadcast communications medium includes a sender of information signals each carrying information and a targeter for use by a user having a receiver with a targeter. There are a number of the receivers constructed and arranged to receive signals from the sender through a broadcast communications medium. The targeter includes a number of selectors associated with an action ID and a number of key value paired, constructed and arranged to indicate action to be taken by a user of a selected receiver in the condition that the selector evaluates to true given the values stored in the targeters.

The present invention relates in general to flexibly targetinginformation, and more particularly over a broadcast communicationsmedium.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

One approach to targeting information is unicast addressing. Eachmessage sent contains a particular numeric address. Devices that receivethe message compare the address value with an address stored in thedevice and only deliver the message if the two match. Another form oftargeting is multicast addressing where certain ranges or types ofaddresses are prearranged to represent groups of devices rather thanindividual devices. A receiving device delivers the message if themessage address matches the receiving device's specific address or thatof any of the multicast groups configured into the receiving device.

Another approach involves addressing by labels rather than by numericaddresses. For example, a sender inserts a label into the messagedescribing the type of receiver desired, such as a printer. Eachreceiver stores a set of labels and delivers messages that match atleast one of the labels.

The above forms of targeting are forms of “push” targeting in which thesender identifies the recipient(s) of the message based on the addressor label inserted into the message. Another form of targeting is “pull”targeting in which the receiving device determines which sent messagesto deliver. For example, a form of pull targeting consists of insertinga text string that describes or identifies the contents of the messagein the transmitted message. This text string is called a “descriptor.”One form of descriptor is a stock ticker symbol, and this descriptor isinserted into any message containing news stories about the companyidentified by that symbol. Receiving devices store a set of descriptorsand deliver messages whose descriptor match at least one of the storeddescriptors.

In another form of pull targeting, the descriptor stored in a message isa structured set containing one or multiple elements that collectivelydescribe or identify the contents of the message. Each element of thedescriptor may be a string or a numeric value or other data type.Receiving devices store a set of logical formulas, each of which isevaluated against the elements of the descriptor in the message. If oneor more of the formulas evaluate to true, the message is delivered.

It is an important object of the invention to provide improvedtargeting.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, a system is characterized by the benefits ofboth push and pull targeting to meet a wide range of user needs andprovide control over the actions that occur when the device determinesthat a message should be delivered.

According to a feature of the invention, targeting is accomplished witha data structure called a targeter that is an expression attached to atransmitted data package or stored in a receiving device and thatcontains logical formulas called selectors, each paired with a shortcode, or action identifier, and a set of key values pairs that aredescriptors.

After a device receives a message targeting occurs as follows. Thedevice evaluates each selector in the message and each selector storedin the device. If any selector evaluates to true, the action describedby the action identifier paired with that selector is carried out.

The selectors are typically compound Boolean expressions. There may besub expressions that may be other Boolean expressions or functioninvocations. Functions that may be used in selectors include relationaloperators, such as equals or less than. Sub expressions may name keysfrom the descriptors in the message or the descriptors stored in thedevice.

Evaluating a Boolean expression of this type is a well-understoodprocedure described in many computer science textbooks and follows aprocess whose outcome is the same as if one were to: make a copy of theexpression, replace each occurrence of a key with a corresponding valuefrom the list of descriptors, identify function calls or relationalexpressions at the leaves of the Boolean expression tree and replaceeach function call or relational expression with the result ofevaluating that function call or relational expression, then evaluatethe resulting Boolean expression to determine a final value of true orfalse. If some key in the expression is not present in the descriptorlist, the final value is false irrespective of the other parts of theexpression.

Numerous other features, objects and advantages of the invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description when read inconnection with the accompanying drawing in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a representation of a message sent by the sender of FIG. 1over the broadcast communications medium of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of contents of a targeter;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the process in a receiving device accordingto the invention;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of the targeting process according to theinvention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the creation of a combinedtargeter;

FIG. 7 illustrates the process of creating an action list;

FIG. 8 illustrates the process of reducing the reaction list.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to the drawing and more particularly FIG. 1, there isshown a diagrammatic representation of a system embodying the invention.A sender 11 transmits information including a targeter over broadcastcommunications medium 12 to receivers such as 13, 14 and 15 each storinga targeter such as 13T, 14T and 15T, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is a diagrammatic representation of a typicalmessage sent by sender 11 over broadcast communications medium 12including targeter 21 and arbitrary message data 22.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a diagrammatic representation of thecontents of targeter 21. There are selectors, such as 31 and 32associated with action identifiers, such as 33 and 34, respectively.Each descriptor comprises a key value pair such as 35A, 35B and 36A,36B.

When transmitted, targeters are represented as a potentially short XML(Extensible Markup Language) document following a widely used DTD or XSD(Document Type Definition, XML Schema Definition: declarations thatdefine a document type for the XML language). If XML is not feasible ina given deployment for some reason, any serializeable representation maybe used. In a device they may be stored any convenient representation.

A selector is a Boolean expression over the keys and the descriptors inthe message and the descriptor stored in the receiving device. Thesyntactic representation of selectors may be one of many representationswith identical semantics that will be apparent to one of ordinary skillin the art.

A naming scheme indicates whether a key appearing in a selector refersto a descriptor in the message or to a descriptor stored in thereceiving device. In one possible naming scheme, when a key called“Role” appears in a selector, it may appear as “Message.Role” or as“Receiver.Role.”

The Boolean expression may be simple or compound. An example of a simpleexpression is “Receiver.Role=Commander.” An example of a compoundexpression is “Receiver.Role=Commander AND Receiver.Status!=Emergency.”A compound expression uses the standard Boolean connectors AND, OR, andNOT to conjoin other expressions which may be simple or compound.

Simple expressions may use the standard relational operators or any ofthe set of functions provided by the receiver device. For example therecan be a distance function supporting an expression like “Distance(Receiver. Location, Message. Target Location)<5” that targets receiverswithin five miles of a specified target location.

An action identifier is short code describing a delivery action to betaken when a selector evaluates to True. Example action identifiers arecodes commanding:

Display message title (for later selection by user)

Display or play message contents immediately

Execute message (for example the data package may contain a softwareapplication)

Deliver message contents to an application (identified by a port numberstored in one of the descriptors of the targeter in the message).

In some embodiments one or more preconfigured selectors may beautomatically added to the list of selectors evaluated against thedescriptors before targeting. An example would be“Receiver.Address=Message.Address” with an appropriate associated actionidentifier.

Descriptors were shown in FIG. 3 as key-value pairs. In some embodimentsthe keys are stored explicitly in the descriptors. In other embodimentsthe keys are not stored explicitly but are implicitly represented basedon the position of the descriptors in the data structure. In still otherembodiments some keys are implicitly represented and some are storedexplicitly. In the following example descriptors, the key strings to beused are not stated and can be chosen to be any appropriate string aslong as the key of each descriptor used in a particular system isunique.

The targeter stored in a receiver has zero or more descriptors. Thevalues in some of the descriptors may change over time. Examples ofpossible descriptors in the targeter stored in a receiver include thefollowing.

-   -   An address that uniquely identifies the receiver device among        all the devices that may receive the same transmission. The        address may be an arbitrary string.    -   The name of the user to which the receiver is assigned.    -   The role of the user to which the receiver is assigned (e.g.        some code or string meaning “firefighter”, “chief”, “k-9        officer”, and so on.)    -   The unit to which the user is assigned.    -   The device type of the receiver.    -   Arbitrary data values that planners have selected to identify        personnel in various ways, for example their agency, the        government entity which it reports to (“city”, “county”, etc.),        or certifications (“may enter hazmat zone”).    -   The current location of the receiver (from GPS or other source),        represented as longitude and latitude    -   The current status of the receiver (for example, normal vs        emergency mode depending on whether the user has selected        emergency mode operation)    -   Arbitrary data values that applications running on the receiver        have stored in the descriptor list, for example what road a        vehicle is currently driving on.

The targeter inserted into a transmitted message also has zero or moredescriptors. Examples include the following.

-   -   A message ID which is a large integer that uniquely identifies        the transmission.    -   Sender identification or address    -   Urgency    -   A port number    -   A cryptographic signature.

An important feature of the invention (to reduce the cost of sending thetargeter over the air) is that keys and action IDs may be implicitlyunderstood by the receiver. For example, the first data item in thedescriptor may be known to be the Urgency code(Message.Urgency=Emergency would appear in the receiver selector, butthe string “Urgency” never appears in the message). Similarly, an actionID may be omitted and the action to be carried out may be understoodbased on which selector this is, or there may be a default operationsuch as display to user.

Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a flow diagram illustrating thebehavior of a receiving device. The first step 41 involves extractingthe message from the communications medium. The next step 42 involvesvalidation and security checks. The next step 43 involves a decision ofwhether the checks passed; if yes, proceeding to step 44 of targeting;if no, proceeding to step 45 discard message or take other prespecifiedaction.

The next step after targeting 44 is decision step 46. If the device istargeted, it proceeds to the delivery step 47 in which all actions inthe action list are carried out. If the device is not targeted, itproceeds to discard message or take other prespecified action 45.

Referring to FIG. 5, there is a flow diagram illustrating the targetingprocess. The first step 51 involves creating a combined targeter. Thenext step 52 involves creating an action list. The next step 53 involvesreducing the action list. The next step 54 is a decision step; if theaction list is empty, proceed to step 55 indicating this device is nottargeted. If the action list is not empty, proceed to the next step 56indicating that this device is targeted.

Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a block diagram illustrating thelogical arrangement of creating a combined targeter. A message receivedover the broadcast communications medium 12 contains targeter 61 shownhaving a pair of selectors 61A and 61B associated with action ID's 61Cand 61D, respectively and keys 61E and 61F associated with values 61Gand 61H, respectively and storing arbitrary message data 61J.

Receiver internal storage 62 has targeter 63 that is structured liketargeter 61 with components identified by 63 with a letter the same as acorresponding component in targeter 61.

Combined targeter 64 is shown with four selectors receiving action IDfrom the action ID's in targeters 61 and 62 associated with respectiveaction ID's. Combined targeter 64 also has message descriptors 65 and 66that receive the key value from targeter 61 and receiver descriptors 67and 68 that receive key values from the receiver internal storage 62.

Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a flow diagram illustrating creationof an action list. The process begins with start with empty action list71. For each pair of selector and action ID in the combined selectorlist, represented as (S,A) in the diagram, step 72 involves key-valuereplacement in selector S, decision step 73 deciding whether any lookupsfailed and advancing to step 74 if the answer is no to evaluateresulting formula step 74 and to done with loop step 75 if the answer isyes. Following evaluate resulting formula step 74 the next decision step76 evaluates to: if false goes to done with loop step 75 and if truegoes to add A to action list 77 followed by going to done with loop step75.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a flow chart illustrating reducingthe action list. The first step is to sort action list by action ID 81,then remove duplicates step 82 with the resulting list being called Lbelow. Looping over each action ID in L, called X in the following, thenext step 83 involves looking up X in a preconfigured dominance tablewith the result is list B of action IDs that dominate X. There followsfor each action ID Y in list B advancing to a decision step 84 if Y notpresent in L proceeding to done with loop step 85 and if yes, proceed todelete X from list L step 86 followed by done with loop step 85. Thisends the loop over each action ID in list B, the next step is done withloop step 87 for the loop over each action ID in list L.

An example of push/pull targeting follows. A citizen sends a message tothe 911 center reporting a fire at 4^(th) and main streets. The messagehas an attached picture of the fire. (Support for multimedia attachmentsis a key attribute of next-generation 911 systems).

When the 911 center dispatches firefighters to the scene, itadditionally broadcasts the picture of the fire provided by the citizen,using the targeting method to assure the picture reaches the right unitsin the field. In range of the broadcast there may be dozens or hundredsof public safety officers, many of whom should not be interrupted fromtheir jobs by this picture because it is not relevant to them.

The targeter in the message includes the following information. Some ofthis information would be represented by numeric codes and some of thekey names would be omitted as described elsewhere, to shorten themessage length. Hypothesize that LAT and LONG are the numerical latitudeand longitude of the intersection of 4^(th) and main street.

Descriptors Contents JPEG Picture Incident status Emergency Incidenttype Fire Selectors Actions Receiver.Agency = FireDepartment AND DisplayDistance(Receiver.Location, LAT, LONG) < 5 Receiver.Agency =FireDepartment AND Store in local storage Distance(Receiver.Location,LAT, LONG) >= 5

Receivers installed in fire trucks and other fire department vehiclescontain targeters with the following information (among otherdescriptors and selectors).

Descriptors Agency FireDepartment Location CURRENTLAT, CURRENTLONG

When the message containing the first targeter arrives at a receiver ina fire department vehicle containing the second targeter, one of the twoselectors in the message's targeter will evaluate to true. Thusdepending on the location of the fire vehicle, either the image will beautomatically displayed (if the vehicle is within 5 miles of the fire)or it will be stored allowing the user to view it if desired byselecting from a local menu.

The power of the targeting system becomes apparent in consideringanother receiver, this one assigned to a police officer whose job is toprovide support for the fire department's needs. This police officer'sreceiver is configured with a targeter that includes the followingdescriptors and selectors, among others.

Descriptors Agency PoliceDepartment Location CURRENTLAT, CURRENTLONGSelectors Actions Message, Incident type = Fire Display

When a message containing the first targeter arrives at the policevehicle containing the third targeter, the selector in the receiverevaluates to true. Thus the image of the fire will be automaticallydisplayed to the police officer, even though the targeter in the messagedid not explicitly mention the need to deliver the message to thatofficer. What this shows is both push and pull operating at the sametime: the message is pushed to the fire vehicles, and pulled by thepolice vehicle.

The combination of push and pull targeting in a single system enables arange of flexible operational behaviors, so the system can be easilycustomized to deliver the right information to the right people withminimal repetition of messages.

There has been described novel apparatus and techniques for flexiblytargeting information sent over a broadcast communications medium. It isevident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous uses inmodifications of and departures from the specific apparatus andtechniques disclosed herein without departing from the inventiveconcepts. Consequently the invention is to be construed as embracingeach and every novel feature and novel combination of features presentin or possessed by the apparatus and techniques herein disclosed.

1. A system for flexibly targeting information sent over a broadcastcommunications medium comprising, a sender of information signals eachcarrying information and a targeter for use by a user having a receiverwith a targeter, a plurality of said receivers constructed and arrangedto receive signals from the sender through a broadcast communicationsmedium, each targeter including a one or more selectors associated withan action ID and one or more key value pairs, where a selector is acompound Boolean expression potentially including function callsubexpressions, and where the action IDs associated with some or allselectors and the keys for some or all key value pairs may be omitted ifunderstood by the receiver according to a prearranged system,constructed and arranged to indicate action to be taken by a selectedreceiver or a user of a selected receiver in the condition that aselector evaluates to true given the values stored in the targeters. 2.A system for flexibly targeting information sent over a broadcastcommunication medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the action IDsare present.
 3. A system for flexibly targeting information sent over abroadcast communications medium in accordance with claim 1, wherein saidreceiver is constructed and arranged to also pull information ofinterest to a user associated with the receiver that is targeted for useby a different user.
 4. A receiver constructed and arranged to receivesignals from a sender through a broadcast communications medium carryinginformation and a targeter for use by a user, each targeter including aone or more selectors associated with an action ID and one or more keyvalue pairs, where a selector is a compound Boolean expressionpotentially including function call subexpressions, and where the actionIDs associated with some or all selectors and the keys for some or allkey value pairs may be omitted if understood by the receiver accordingto a prearranged system, constructed and arranged to indicate action tobe taken by a selected receiver or a user of a selected receiver in thecondition that a selector evaluates to true given the values stored inthe targeters.
 5. Apparatus in accordance with claim 4 wherein thetargeter includes a selector associated with an action ID anddescriptors comprising a key/value pair.
 6. A method of using thereceiving device of claim 5 including, extracting a message from thecommunications medium, checking validation and security in the extractedmessage, targeting if the checks are passed, and delivering the messageif the device is targeted.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein thetargeting includes creating a combined targeter, creating an actionlist, reducing the reaction list, when the action list is emptyindicating that the device is not targeted, and when the action list isnot empty indicating the device is targeted.
 8. A method in accordancewith claim 7 and further including creating a combined targeter based onthe message received over the broadcast communications medium andreceiver internal storage each having selectors and associated action IDand key values, and forming the combined targeter with selectors andaction ID's and key value pairs from the message received over thebroadcast communications medium and the receiver internal storage. 9.The method in accordance with claim 8 including creating an action listby starting with an empty action list and for each selector, action pairin a combined selector list, creating a key-value replacement in theselector, determining whether any lookup failed, evaluating a resultingformula where no lookups failed, evaluating to true or false, adding tothe action list if true and completing the step after adding to theaction list, determining a lookup fail or evaluating to false.
 10. Amethod in accordance with claim 9 wherein reducing the action listincludes, starting the action list by action ID, removing duplicates,creating a list L with action IDs', looking up X in a dominance table tocreate a list B of action IDs that dominate, for each action ID Y inlist B determining whether Y is present in L, if present deleting X fromlist L and completing the loop step after deleting X from list L ordetermining Y is not present in list L.
 11. A system for flexiblytargeting information sent over a broadcast communications medium inaccordance with claim 3, Wherein said user associated with the receiveris associated with one public safety agency or unit and the differentuser is associated with a different public safety agency or unit and thesecond user desires to see information satisfying specific criteria sentto the first user.
 12. A system for flexibly targeting information sentover a broadcast communications medium in accordance with claim 11,wherein said user associated with the receiver is a policeman and thedifferent user is a fireman and the information of interest is thelocation of a fire.